More than half of the world’s population could be at risk of catching diseases transmitted by mosquitoes such as malaria and dengue by the end of the century, scientists have warned.
Experts said mosquito-borne outbreaks, driven by global warming, are set to spread to parts of northern Europe and other regions of the world over the next few decades. Globally, the number of dengue cases reported to the World Health Organisation has increased eight-fold in the last two decades, from 500,000 in 2000 to over five million in 2019. In Europe, mosquitoes that carry dengue have invaded 13 European countries since 2000, with local spread of the disease seen in France, Italy, and Spain in 2023. The researchers said that until recently, dengue was largely confined to tropical and subtropical regions because freezing temperatures kill the mosquito’s larvae and eggs. Rachel Lowe, a professor at the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies in Spain, said: “Global warming due to climate change means that the disease vectors that carry and spread malaria and dengue can find a home in more regions, with outbreaks occurring in areas where people are likely to be immunologically naive and public health systems unprepared. “The stark reality is that longer hot seasons will enlarge the seasonal window for the spread of mosquito-borne diseases and favour increasingly frequent outbreaks that are increasingly complex to deal with.” The researchers said that if global warming can be limited to 1C, the population at risk of malaria and dengue could increase by an additional 2.4 billion people by 2100, relative to 1970-1999. But they predict that if current trajectory of carbon emissions and population growth continues, 4.7 billion could be affected by dengue and malaria by the end of the century. Prof Lowe said: “With climate change seeming so difficult to address, we can expect to see more cases and possibly deaths from diseases such as dengue and malaria across mainland Europe. “We must anticipate outbreaks and move to intervene early to prevent diseases from happening in the first place.” The researchers are now developing ways to predict when and where epidemics might occur using disease surveillance and climate change data. Prof Lowe said: “By analysing weather patterns, finding mosquito breeding sites with drones, and gathering information from local communities and health officials, we are hoping to give communities time to prepare and protect themselves.
